Joint mobilization is the use of skilled, graded forces to mobilize a joint to improve motion and to normalize joint function. It may also be used to reduce or control pain. Joint mobilization techniques are utilized to restore motion. Research has shown that a hypomobile segment in the spine or periphery can contribute to early degenerative changes in that joint. When a joint mobility is impaired or restricted, the structure and the function of the area may begin to break down. Nutrition to the area may decrease within the joint. Synovial fluid exchange is reduced and other joints may compensate for the stiff or hypomobile segments. Many adjacent joints in the area may begin to break down due to excessive use. This can contribute to faulty movement patterns and pain. The muscles surrounding a stiff joint may lose their flexibility and may in time undergo soft tissue restrictions that do not allow the area to be stretched or moved. Over time, significant dysfunction can occur surrounding a stiff joint. Joint mobilization can improve joint mobility and joint nutrition. Other benefits include decreasing pain, muscle spasm and muscle tension. Joint mobilization is performed in a position of comfort of the client. The therapist positions the joint in its most relaxed position and applies graded forces through his or her hands in appropriate directions. These specific techniques can included soft tissue mobilization, Active Release Techniques®, stretching, various manual resistive movement patterns and neuromuscular reeducation. Stretching and breathing exercises may also be utilized to achieve optimal results.